What is functionalism?
Functionalism is a 20th-century building style and movement (roughly 1920-1960) in which the form of a building follows from its function. The motto “form follows function” sums up this idea: the practical purpose determines the design.
Characteristics of functionalism
In functionalism, efficiency comes first and unnecessary decoration is avoided. Typical characteristics are:
- Sobriety: clear, logical forms without embellishment.
- Little ornament: no decorative cornices or sculpture.
- Flat roofs instead of traditional pitched roofs.
- Large window areas that let in plenty of light.
- Modern materials such as steel, glass, and reinforced concrete.
Thanks to these new materials and construction techniques, large spans and open floor plans became possible, which suited the functional approach well.
Application
Functionalism is closely linked to the Nieuwe Bouwen (New Building) movement in the Netherlands, the Bauhaus in Germany, and the broader modernist movement. The style was applied to housing, schools, factories, hospitals, and office buildings, where efficiency and usability mattered. Functionalist buildings reflect the optimism of the early twentieth century about technology, hygiene, and social progress, and form the basis of much modern architecture.
Related terms
- Modernism
- Bauhaus
- New Building (Nieuwe Bouwen)
- International Style
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