Fit-out (also called second fix or finishing works) covers all construction activities carried out after the shell (structural frame) is complete, to make a building ready for occupation. This includes partition walls, plastering, floor finishes, and the installation of plumbing, electrics and heating.
Shell versus fit-out
The construction process is traditionally divided into two main phases:
| Shell (structure) | Fit-out |
|---|---|
| Foundations | Partition walls (metal stud, plasterboard) |
| Load-bearing walls and columns | Ceilings and bulkheads |
| Floor slabs | Plastering |
| Roof structure and covering | Screeds and floor finishes |
| Windows and external doors | Painting and decorating |
| External cladding | Plumbing, electrics, heating |
The shell is the skeleton; the fit-out makes the building habitable.
Application
Fit-out works include:
- Walls — erecting partition walls, insulation, cladding
- Ceilings — suspended ceilings, plaster, cornices
- Floors — screeds, tiles, hardwood, laminate
- Services — electrics, plumbing, ventilation, heating
- Finishes — painting, wallpapering, skirting boards, architraves
- Kitchen and bathroom — fitting the kitchen units, bath, shower, WC
Fit-out in self-build
In a self-build project, the fit-out is often the part the owner tackles themselves or contracts out to specialist tradespeople. The shell is usually built by a main contractor.
Related terms
- Shell construction
- Screed
- Plastering
- Interior works
- Building process
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