Baroque is an architectural style and art movement from the 17th and 18th centuries, characterised by lavish decoration, dramatic forms, curved lines, columns, sculpture, and a dynamic spatial composition.
Origin and period
The Baroque style originated around 1600 in Italy as a reaction to the strict harmony of the Renaissance. It spread rapidly across Europe and reached its peak in the 17th and early 18th centuries. The term “Baroque” likely derives from the Portuguese word barroco, which refers to an irregularly shaped pearl.
Characteristics of Baroque architecture
Baroque buildings are immediately recognisable by their opulent and theatrical character. The key architectural features include:
- Curved and undulating facades that suggest movement and dynamism
- Monumental columns and pilasters in colossal order
- Rich ornaments such as volutes, cartouches, and garlands
- Domes and vaults with illusionistic ceiling paintings
- Dramatic use of light and shadow in the spatial composition
- Symmetrical floor plans with a central focal point
Notable examples
Among the most famous Baroque buildings are St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, the Palace of Versailles near Paris, and the Karlskirche in Vienna. In the Netherlands, Baroque expression was more restrained than in Southern Europe, with greater emphasis on Classicist elements.
Transition to Rococo
By the mid-18th century, Baroque evolved into Rococo, a lighter and more playful style with even finer ornaments and pastel colours.
Related terms
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