# What is a fire and smoke-free escape route?
**A fire and smoke-free escape route (Dutch: brand- en rookvrije vluchtroute, abbreviated BRVVR) is a protected path within a building — typically a corridor and stairwell — that remains free from fire and smoke for a sufficient period to allow all occupants to evacuate safely. It represents the highest level of escape route protection in building fire safety design.**
## How it works
A BRVVR is enclosed by fire-resistant construction (walls, floors, and doors) and equipped with smoke control measures that prevent smoke from entering the route. This combination ensures that during a fire anywhere in the building, the escape route remains passable and breathable.
### Key design requirements
– **Fire-resistant enclosure:** Walls and floors with a fire resistance rating of at least 30–60 minutes (depending on building class and height).
– **Self-closing fire doors:** Rated doors with smoke seals that close automatically upon alarm.
– **Overpressure ventilation:** Mechanical systems that pressurize the stairwell or corridor, preventing smoke infiltration through any gaps.
– **Smoke extraction or separation:** Airlocks, lobbies, or smoke shafts that create a buffer between fire compartments and the escape route.
– **Emergency lighting and signage:** Ensuring visibility even during power failure.
## When is a BRVVR required?
Building codes typically mandate fire and smoke-free escape routes in:
– High-rise residential and commercial buildings
– Buildings with a single escape stairwell
– Healthcare facilities where evacuation speed is limited
– Underground structures with extended travel distances
## Applications
– Residential apartment towers
– Hospitals and care homes
– Underground car parks and metro stations
– High-rise office buildings
– Hotels above a certain number of storeys
## Related terms
– Fire compartment
– Smoke control system
– Overpressure system
– Fire resistance rating
– Protected stairwell
– Travel distance
– Evacuation strategy
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