What is architecture?

Architecture is the art and science of designing and realising buildings, structures and spatial environments. It goes beyond mere construction: architecture combines functionality, structural safety, aesthetics and the experience of space.

The three pillars of architecture

The Roman master builder Vitruvius formulated the three basic principles as early as the 1st century BC:

1. Firmitas (firmness) — the building must be structurally safe and durable
2. Utilitas (commodity) — the building must be functional and meet the needs of its users
3. Venustas (delight) — the building must possess aesthetic quality

These three principles are still regarded as the core of good architectural design.

Building styles through the ages

Architecture is constantly evolving. Some major stylistic periods include:

• Romanesque (c. 1000–1200) — thick walls, round arches, small windows
• Gothic (c. 1200–1500) — pointed arches, large windows, flying buttresses
• Renaissance (c. 1400–1600) — symmetry, classical columns, harmonious proportions
• Baroque (c. 1600–1750) — opulent, dynamic, rich decoration
• Classicism (c. 1750–1850) — strict, symmetrical forms inspired by antiquity
• Modernism (c. 1920–1970) — functionality, steel, glass and concrete, minimal decoration
• Postmodernism (c. 1970–present) — playful, references to historical forms

Application

Architecture operates at many scales:

• Residential — from a single family home to an apartment block
• Commercial — offices, schools, hospitals, shops
• Urban design — planning neighbourhoods, streets and public spaces
• Landscape architecture — parks, squares and outdoor environments

Related terms

• Architect
• Building style
• Classical orders
• Construction
• Design

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